RESUMEN El propósito del presente estudio fue determinar la dieta del gremio de aves insectívoras mediante el análisis de excretas y colecta de insectos. De agosto 2018 a enero 2019 se aplicó búsqueda-intensiva, corte-sacudida de ramas, redes de niebla, análisis de heces e identificación de insectos. Se determinó riqueza (Jacknife1), similitud (Jaccard) y diversidad (Shannon-Wiener). Se aplicó Kruskal-Wallis, X 2 , análisis de regresión poisson (ARP) y correspondencia canónica (ACC). Jacknife1 presenta una media de 39 familias. Jaccard muestra una similitud del 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener presenta una diversidad de H´ = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis evidencia diferencias en la riqueza (0.0423*) y diversidad (0.0148*). La prueba de X 2 muestra que no se registró la riqueza de familias de insectos teóricamente presentes (P < 0.05). Los ARP muestran que seis ordenes, dos familias, dos tipos de insectos (corte y sacudida); un orden, una familia y un artículo (heces) tienen efecto sobre la abundancia de aves. Los ACC muestran la conformación de siete (corte y sacudida) y seis (heces) grupos que muestran relación entre las aves y los órdenes, familias, tipo de insecto y artículos registrados. Se exhibe simpatría trófica en algunas de las aves registradas, favoreciendo al control biológico de insectos del tipo plaga y parásitos.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study was to determine the diet of the insectivorous birds through the analysis of excreta and insect collection. From August 2018 to January 2019, search-intensive, branch cutting-shaking, mist-netting, scat analysis and insect identification were applied. Richness (Jacknife1), similarity (Jaccard) and diversity (Shannon-Wiener) were determined. Kruskal-Wallis, X2, Poisson regression analysis (PRA) and canonical correspondence (CCA) were applied. Jacknife1 shows a mean of 39 families. Jaccard shows a similarity of 19.88 %. Shannon-Wiener shows a diversity of H' = 3.09. Kruskal-Wallis shows differences in richness (0.0423*) and diversity (0.0148*). The X2 test shows that the richness of insect families theoretically present was not recorded (P < 0.05). PRAs show that six orders, two families, two insect types (cut and shake); one order, one family and one item (feces) have an effect on bird abundance. The CCAs show the conformation of seven (cutting and shaking) and six (feces) groups that show relationships between birds and the orders, families, insect type and items recorded. Trophic sympatry is exhibited in some of the birds recorded, favoring the biological control of pest and parasitic insects.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic increased the prevalence of burnout syndrome. Aim: To describe the prevalence of burnout syndrome in health care workers of a private clinic in the Metropolitan Region of Chile. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study, the study population were health care workers of a private clinic. An online version of Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey was applied during June 2020. Variables such as age, sex, marital status, number of children, service, occupation, and night shift were studied. Results: We collected 846 responses. A 36% (95% confidence intervals (CI) [32,8-39,2]) prevalence of high levels of burnout syndrome was found. Thirty one percent (95% CI [28,1-34,3]) of the respondents had high levels of emotional exhaustion (AE), 33% (95%CI [29,8-36,2]) had low personal fulfillment (RP) and 30% (95%CI [26,6-32,7]) had high levels of depersonalization (DP). Conclusions: Healthcare workers showed concerning levels of burnout syndrome. It is recommended to pay special attention to high levels of emotional exhaustion in nursing and night shift staff. Institutions should develop and apply prevention and emotional support strategies in health personnel.

Background: Poor living conditions promote the spread of communicable diseases. It happened with Tuberculosis (TB) and is happening with COVID-19. Due to its dynamic nature, this group of diseases must be studied in the context of the social determinants of health. Aim: To describe the epidemiological behavior of COVID-19 in response to the control strategies implemented by the Chilean Ministry of Health and its similarities with the socio-economic distribution of TB in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile. Material and Methods: The 2018 Tuberculosis rates and average income of districts belonging to the MR were described, as well as the incidence rates of COVID-19. A Pearson correlation analysis was applied between the rates of both diseases, to assess similarities in the epidemiological distribution patterns. Results: The RM accounts for over 50% of the total national cases of COVID-19. After the implementation of selective quarantines, only four districts in the RM managed to control the outbreak (those with the highest incomes). In the rest, a clear increase in cases was observed. The districts with the highest increase in cases were the most disadvantaged, and those with the highest TB rates during 2018, with a correlation coefficient of 0.6. Conclusions: Control policies cannot deepen health inequalities. If vulnerable groups, as well as the factors that determine their health, are not properly identified, the consequences of the current pandemic could be even more devastating.

Abstract Background: The Chilean Program for the Control and Elimination of Tuberculosis (PROCET) has reduced mortality from this disease by 78% between 2004 and 2013. However, after decades of successful results, starting in 2000 there was a slowdown in the reduction of incidence and since 2014, an increase in it. Aim: To describe the socio-epidemiological evolution of tuberculosis (TB) cases treated at health clinics in the Metropolitan Region (MR) of Chile from 2005 to 2018, stratifying by country of origin. Methods: Cross-sectional study with ecological components, including analyses of age, sex, TB localization, bacteriological confirmation of diagnosis, co-infection with HIV, incarceration, country of origin, and effectiveness of tuberculosis treatment. Results: A total of 7,507 TB cases were recorded during the study period; 75.1% of cases were pulmonary tuberculosis, and 65.4% were bacteriologically confirmed. Overall, 19.0% of cases involved persons born outside of Chile, with the proportion of cases in foreign-born persons increasing over the past 6 years. Incidence decreased during the first half of the study period but then began to increase after 2012, moving the country away from the threshold of elimination. A total of 74.3% of cases were treated successfully, and 13.4% expired. Conclusion: In recent years, TB incidence has increased in the MR of Chile, possibly attributable to growing populations of vulnerable groups such as immigrants. This finding suggests an urgent need to implement and reinforce strategies such as education, an active screening model and more efficient contact tracing to prevent the spread of TB.

Resumen Introducción: El Programa chileno de Control y Eliminación de Tuberculosis (PROCET) ha permitido reducir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad en 78%, entre los años 2004 y 2013. No obstante, luego de décadas de resultados exitosos, a partir del 2000 ocurrió un enlentecimiento en la reducción de incidencia y desde el 2014, un aumento de ésta. Objetivos: Describir la evolución socio-epidemiológica de los casos de tuberculosis (TBC), desde 2005 al 2018, estratificando según país de origen, en Servicios de Salud de la Región Metropolitana (RM). Métodos: Estudio transversal con componente ecológico. Se consideraron las variables: edad, sexo, localización de la TBC, confirmación bacteriológica, co-infección con VIH, privación de libertad, país de procedencia y efectividad de la terapia anti-tuberculosis. Resultados: Se notificaron 7.507 casos, de los cuales 75,1% fue de localización pulmonar y 65,4% bacteriológicamente demostrado. Un 19,0% de los casos pertenecieron a personas no nacidas en Chile, con un aumento de esta proporción en los últimos seis años. Las tasas de incidencia, descendientes en la primera mitad del período, exhibieron un alza a partir del 2012, alejándolas del umbral de eliminación. Se observó en 74,3% éxito en la terapia y 13,4% de muerte en los casos evaluados. Conclusiones: En los últimos años, la incidencia de TBC en la RM aumentó. Los nuevos grupos vulnerables, especialmente los migrantes, requieren con urgencia, que se implementen y refuercen estrategias como la educación, pesquisa activa y acciones de control de TBC.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection has a high mortality rate. Aim: To describe socio-epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection, and aspects associated with its prevalence, from 2005 to 2018. Material and Methods: Analysis of the registry of the tuberculosis control and elimination program of three public health services of metropolitan Santiago. The variables considered were: TB/HIV coinfection, age, sex, location of tuberculosis, bacteriological confirmation, incarceration, commune of residence, country of origin and effectiveness of the tuberculosis therapy. Results: We analyzed 7507 TB cases, of whom 12% corresponded to cases of coinfection. The number of coinfections doubled in the last 6 years. In 2018, 45% of coinfection cases occurred in migrants. Of the total cases evaluated, 53% were successfully treated and 28% died. Conclusions: The remarkable increase in TB/HIV coinfection, urgently demands new prevention and control strategies, aimed at the most vulnerable groups.

Abstract Introduction: obesity has become a chronic disease whose etiology can be based on an imbalance between the contribution and energy expenditure of the individual, where the behavior against food consumption and physical activity play an important role as determinants in this energy balance. Methods: in the present study, behavior in relation to food consumption and physical activity and its association with nutritional status in a general Chilean population was analyzed. It was a cross-sectional study in 629 people, belonging to the university community of the Andres Bello University. The subjects answered online surveys about sociodemographic, anthropometric, attitude to food consumption (TFEQ) and physical activity (GPAQ). Results: the factorial structure of the TFEQ questionnaire in Spanish showed two factors: the "cognitive restriction" factor and the "disinhibition versus food" factor. With regard to nutritional status, it was found that 39.4% of the population had malnutrition due to excess. In relation to physical activity, half of the subjects performed less than 36 minutes of exercise per day. Individuals with uninhibited behavior towards food presented less practice of total physical activity. Additionally, subjects with low BMI and with greater age were more likely to present a restrictive behavior towards food. Conclusion: in the TFEQ questionnaire, two factors were found that explain the variation of behavior in relation to food consumption, which were associated with BMI and with physical activity in the study population.

Resumen Introducción: la obesidad se ha transformado en una enfermedad crónica cuya etiología puede basarse en un desequilibrio entre el aporte y el gasto energético del individuo. Por lo tanto, el comportamiento frente al consumo de alimentos y la actividad física juegan un papel importante como determinantes clave en el resultado del balance energético. Métodos: en el presente estudio se analizó la conducta frente al consumo de alimentos y la actividad física y su asociación con el estado nutricional en una población general chilena. Fue un estudio de corte transversal en 629 personas, pertenecientes a la comunidad universitaria de la Universidad Andres Bello. Los sujetos contestaron encuestas en línea acerca de antecedentes sociodemográficos, antropométricos, actitud frente al consumo de alimentos (TFEQ) y actividad física (GPAQ). Resultados: la estructura factorial del cuestionario TFEQ en español mostró dos factores: el factor de -restricción cognitiva- y el factor de -desinhibición frente a los alimentos-. Con relación al estado nutricional, se encontró que un 39,4% de la población presentó malnutrición por exceso. En cuanto a la actividad física, la mitad de los sujetos realizaban menos de 36 minutos de ejercicio al día. Los individuos con una conducta desinhibida frente a los alimentos presentaron menor práctica de actividad física total. Adicionalmente, sujetos con índice de masa corporal (IMC) bajo y con mayor edad tuvieron mayor probabilidad de presentar una conducta restrictiva frente a los alimentos. Conclusión: en el cuestionario TFEQ se encontraron dos factores que explican la variación de la conducta frente al consumo de alimentos, los cuales se asociaron con IMC y con actividad física en la población de estudio.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the operational performance of the tractor-bean seeder set considering two tillage systems and two speed steps. The testing was conducted in the experimental Agronomy-Airport Area of the Federal University of Viçosa, located in Viçosa-MG. Two land cultivation systems were introduced: conventional and minimum into a subdivided plots experimental design with two tractor working gears and four replications, totaling 16 experimental plots. The emergence speed index of the plants, the fuel consumption per hour and hectare, force and traction power and consumed energy in MJ·ha-1, in the seeding operation were determined. Processing the results by using an analysis of variance in the software Statistics SPSS 21, did not report significant differences in the emergence speed index of the plants by tillage system and allowed to recommend the use of B1 gear for offering lower power and energy consumption (MJ·ha-1). Fuel consumption per hectare, force and traction power and energy consumption (MJ·ha-1) significantly differed in the two tillage systems, being lower for minimum tillage. The conventional tillage system was the largest consumer of energy.

Resumen: Se objetivó con el presente, evaluar el desempeño operacional del conjunto tractor sembradora de frijol considerando dos sistemas de labranza y dos escalones de velocidad. El experimento se desarrolló en el área experimental de Agronomía- Aeropuerto de la Universidad Federal de Viçosa, localizada en Viçosa-MG. Se implantaron dos sistemas de labranza del suelo: convencional y mínimo, en un diseño experimental de parcelas subdivididas, con dos marchas de trabajo del tractor y cuatro repeticiones, totalizando 16 parcelas experimentales. Se determinó el índice de velocidad de emergencia, el consumo de combustible horario, y por hectárea, la fuerza y potencia de tracción y la energía consumida en MJ·ha-1, en la siembra mecanizada; los resultados procesados en el paquete estadístico SPSS Statistics 21, mediante un análisis de varianza, no reportaron diferencias significativas en el índice de velocidad de emergencia de las plantas por sistema de labranza y permitieron recomendar el uso de la marcha B1 por ofrecer menor consumo de potencia y energía (MJ·ha-1). El consumo de combustible por hectárea, la fuerza y potencia de tracción y el consumo de energía (MJ·ha-1) difirieron significativamente en los dos sistemas de labranza, siendo menor para la labranza mínima. El sistema de labranza convencional fue el mayor consumidor de energía.

Background: Respiratory diseases are the third cause of death, and the second cause of hospitalization among people aged 65 years or more in Chile. Aim: To analyze the distribution of consultations due to respiratory diseases among adults living in Metropolitan Santiago. Material and Methods: A daily registry of all consultations of patients older than 15 years old in seven public primary care centers, was carried out between January 2003 and December 2008. Consultations were classified as having non-respiratory or respiratory causes. The latter were broke down in upper or lower respiratory diseases, pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Results: A total of 1,170,941 consultations were registered and 19% were due to respiratory diseases. Of these, 46% were due to upper respiratory diseases, 31% due to lower respiratory diseases, 8% due to COPD, 6% due to pneumonia, 5% due to asthma and 4% due to other respiratory causes. Pneumonia and COPD were more frequent among consultants older than 65 years. Conclusions: Consultations due to respiratory diseases are approximately one fifth of all primary care consultations. Older people often have more chronic and severe diseases.

Background: In normal human pregnancy, maternal lipids can modify the rate of fetal growth, particularly in pregnancies with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). These lipids change continuously their serum concentration in the mother along the pregnancy. Aim: To calculate tables and curves of normal serum lipids, according to gestational age, in healthy Chilean pregnant women. Methods: We measured total cholesterol (CT), LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), HDL-Cholesterol (HDL-C), and Non-Esterified Fatty Acids (NEFA) in 94 young and healthy pregnant women (< 33 years, mean age 27.6 ± 6.2 years), with normal pregestational Body Mass Index (BMI, 20.0-24.9 Kg/m2 , mean value= 23.3 ± 2.0 Kg/m2). The women of the study were patients of 5 hospitals: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo, Santiago (n=55), Hospital de Talca (n=2); Hospital del Profesor, Santiago (n=18); Hospital Regional de Concepción (n=9) and Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (n=10). Results: For each one of the lipids, we calculated curves of 50th, 90th and 10th percentiles, both in mg/dL and mmol/L (the NEFA were expressed only in mmol/L). The mathematical functions of the curves of polynomial regression of all lipids were included in the manuscript, in order to facilitate their reproduction. Conclusions: We calculated tables and curves of normal maternal serum lipids in relation to gestational, in order to make these available for use in the care of Chilean pregnant women.

Antecedentes: Los lípidos plasmáticos maternos durante el embarazo pueden influir en el crecimiento fetal, particularmente en pacientes con diabetes gestacional; estos lípidos cambian su concentración plasmática materna a lo largo de la gestación. Objetivo: Calcular tablas y curvas de lípidos normales según edad gestacional en una población de embarazadas chilenas. Método: Se midió el colesterol total (CT), colesterol LDL (LDL-C) triglicéridos (TG), Colesterol-HDL (HDL-C), y ácidos grasos no esterificados (NEFA), en 94 embarazadas sanas y jóvenes (<33 años, edad media de 27,6 ± 6,2 años), con peso pregestacional normal (Índice de Masa Corporal entre 20 y 24,9 Kg/m2 y medio de 23,3 ± 2,0 Kg/m2). Las pacientes provenían de: Hospital Parroquial de San Bernardo, Santiago (n=55), Hospital de Talca (n=2); Hospital del Profesor, Santiago (n=18); Hospital Regional de Concepción (n=9) y Hospital Clínico de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (n=10). Resultados: Calculamos, para cada uno de los cuatro lípidos, las curvas de percentil 50, percentil 90 y percentil 10, en mg/dL y mmol/l. Los NEFA solo fueron expresados en mmol/l. Incluimos las funciones matemáticas de las curvas de regresión polinomial de los cuatro lípidos con el fin que sean fácilmente reproducibles en otros tamaños. Conclusiones: Calculamos las tablas y curvas de lípidos maternos normales a lo largo del embarazo, que sean aplicables a la población de embarazadas chilenas.

Nowadays, Diabetic Neuropathy (DN) is considered the most common cause of peripheral neuropathy in clinical practice. It can affect sensitive, motor or autonomic nerve fibers, with symmetric, asymmetric, acute or chronic presentations. Due to this variability, with multiple physiopathologic mechanisms involved, a complex clinical classification has been used until recently. The aim of this review is to present a new classification of diabetic neuropathy, based on its physiopathology. It is divided in metabolic microvascular and hypoxic, autoimmune and inflammatory, compressive, secondary to complications ofdiabetes and related to treatment. It must be understood that DN is notjust a functional disease, but a complication of diabetes with molecular and pathological substrates caused by hyperglycemia. Therefore, normalization of blood glucose is a fundamental step towards the successful prevention and treatment of DN.

OBJECTIVE: This paper describes the analytical methodology and overall distribution of these consultations-particularly respiratory consultations-for children under 15 years of age in Santiago de Chile, Chile. The aim is to understand differences by age groups, as well as seasonal trends and trends over the years. METHODS: The research covered the distribution of consultations and their evolution over a period of 17 years. Information was collected on a daily basis from all pediatric consultations, grouped into nonrespiratory and acute respiratory categories, in seven sentinel centers of Santiago de Chile. RESULTS: Between January 1993 and December 2009, 1 947 477 cases of pediatric illnesses were recorded, of which 1 188 029 (61.0%) were for respiratory causes. Of those, 656 567 (33.7%) were for acute lower respiratory tract illnesses, 418 932 (21.5%) were for broncho-obstructive syndrome, and 48 669 (2.5%) were for pneumonia. Pneumonia and broncho-obstructive syndrome were more frequent in children under age 5. Lower respiratory tract illnesses, broncho-obstructive syndrome, and pneumonia showed a significant downward trend during the period observed. Lower respiratory tract illnesses are the leading cause of pediatric morbidity in primary health care, while broncho-obstructive syndrome is the leading specific reason for pediatric consultations. CONCLUSIONS: These results point to the need to allocate or reallocate resources for programs for promotion, education, prevention, and treatment of these illnesses with the targeting necessary to address seasonal variations.

OBJETIVO: El presente trabajo se propone describir la metodología de análisis y la distribución global de las consultas de morbilidad -particularmente las de tipo respiratorio- en menores de 15 años de edad de la ciudad Santiago de Chile, Chile, con el objetivo de conocer sus diferencias según grupos etarios, su comportamiento estacional y su evolución a lo largo de los años. MÉTODOS: Se investigó la distribución de las consultas de morbilidad pediátrica (CP) -en especial las respiratorias- y su evolución en un período de 17 años. En siete centros centinela de Santiago de Chile se recolectó prospectivamente información diaria de todas las CP, agrupadas en infecciones no respiratorias e infecciones respiratorias agudas (IRA). RESULTADOS: Entre enero de 1993 y diciembre de 2009 se registraron 1 947 477 CP, de las cuales 1 188 029 (61,0%) fueron por causa respiratoria: 656 567 (33,7%) por enfermedad respiratoria aguda de vía aérea baja (IRAb), 418 932 (21,5%) por síndrome bronquial obstructivo (SBO) y 48 669 (2,5%) por neumonía. Neumonía y SBO fueron más frecuentes en menores de 5 años. Las IRAb, SBO y neumonía presentaron una significativa tendencia a la disminución durante el período observado. Las IRA constituyen la primera causa de CP en atención primaria de salud y el SBO es la primera causa específica de consulta pediátrica. CONCLUSIONES: Estos resultados enfatizan la necesidad de asignar o redestinar recursos en programas de promoción, educación, prevención y tratamiento de estas enfermedades, con la debida focalización que determina su variación estacional.

The Chilean Patagonia includes one of the most complex hydrological systems of South America and one of the least modified systems of the world. These systems were intensely modified by the glacial activity of the Quaternary. The objectives of this study were to determine whether or not in this area exists zones of endemic benthic fluvial macroinvertebrates, and to analyze the patterns of diversity of species composed by organisms of high (Plecoptera) and low (Aeglidae) vagility. A collection of 183 selected sites, located between the latitude 42° 50' and 54°43' S, were sampled during 2006 and 2009. The sampling was focused on the main river basins and a "kicknet" was used to cover a surface of 8 m² at the bottom of the river channel. In all sampled areas, thirty Plecoptera and two Aeglidae species were recorded. One zone dominated by endemic species was identified in the Aysen river basin, which included the Plecoptera Ceratoperla fazi and the crab Aegla neuquensis. The last species belong to an ancient population found in the river steppes of Argentina, and may have been locked in the Chilean Patagonia when the channel flow was reversed from its original discharge towards the Atlantic Ocean. A distinct latitudinal change in the diversity of species was noticed throughout the study area (R² = 0.72, P < 0.05), showing a gradient of decreasing species richness towards the south. The regression analysis between species richness and annual mean temperature was significant (R² = 0.67, P < 0.05). This suggests that the input of solar energy had an important effect on species diversity. In addition, the historical events would have had weaker impacts relative to current ecological requirements on organisms of high vagility. Conversely, low vagility organisms seemed to be largely affected by history.

La Patagonia chilena incluye uno de los sistemas hídricos más complejos de Sudamérica y uno de los menos intervenidos del mundo, los cuales fueron intensamente modelados por la actividad glacial del Cuaternario. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar si en esta área existen zonas de endemismo de macroinvertebrados bentónicos fluviales y analizar los patrones de diversidad de organismos de alta (Plecoptera) y baja vagilidad (Aeglidae). Entre el 2006 y 2009 se muestrearon 183 sitios entre 42°50' y 54°43' S, focalizándose en las principales cuencas. Los muéstreos se realizaron con una red "kicknet", cubriendo una superficie de fondo de 8 m². En toda el área se registraron 30 especies de Plecoptera y dos de Aeglidae. Se identificó una zona de endemismo en la cuenca del río Aysén, sustentada por el plecóptero Ceratoperla fazi y el cangrejo Aegla neuquensis. Esta última especie correspondería a una población relictual procedente de los ríos de la estepa Argentina, que habría quedado atrapada en la Patagonia chilena, luego que se invirtiera el flujo del cauce del río que originalmente fluía hacia el Atlántico. Un marcado cambio latitudinal en la diversidad de especies fue evidente a lo largo del área de estudio (R² = 0.72, P < 0.05), con una disminución de la riqueza hacia el sur. La regresión entre riqueza de especies y temperatura media anual del aire fue estadísticamente significativa (R² = 0.67, P < 0.05), sugiriendo que la hipótesis especies-energía asociada al efecto de las entradas de energía solar, puede tener un efecto relevante sobre la diversidad. Se sugiere que en los organismos de alta vagilidad los acontecimientos históricos tendrían menos influencia que las exigencias ecológicas actuales. Por el contrario, en el caso de los de baja vagilidad, los fenómenos históricos parecieran tener mayor relevancia.